buy custom The Discovery of the Hepatitis B essay

buy custom The Discovery of the Hepatitis B essay The discovery of the hepatitis B advanced beyond protecting people through blood transfusions from hepatitis B to the broader scope of protecting people from the disease. In the late 1960s, virologist Blumberg (Fox Chase Cancer Center (FCCC), Barbara Werner, immunologist, Manfred Bayer electron microscopist, and molecular biologist Lawrence Loeb, vigilantly described the small particles isolated from HBsAg-positive blood and visualized it through the electron microscope.They found out that some particles were whole viruses, others contained no nucleic acid that was the genes responsible for causing infection and the disease (Harford Cabezon, 234-87). It is from such assumptions that Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was identified as the causative agent of serum hepatitis. Blumberg first acknowledged this antigen as a serum protein explicit for aborigines in Australia. It was only later that the infectious nature of the antigen was identified, in which case it turned out to be the surface protein of HBV that is secreted into the bloodstream of infected patients in excess over viral particles. After many centuries, the first licensed vaccines against HBV became accessible in the beginning of 1980s.The vaccine was produced by harvesting and purifying HBsAg from the serum of chronic carriers, given that there was nopossibility for proliferation of the virus in vitro (Gleeson Ortori, 45-76). Even though they were safe and effective, serum-derived vaccines were expensive and in relatively short supply because of shortage of human carrier plasma that met the requirements for the production of the vaccine. Since the 1980s, recombinant hepatitis B vaccines have been used as more practical alternatives with the HBsAg produced in yeast (Harford Cabezon, 234-87). HBV was established to be prevalent in many parts of the world, with more than two billion people having had contacted the virus, and more than 350 million people being chronic carriers of the virus. Hepatitis B Vaccine Production Using Yeast. Yeasts have outstandingly been distinguished as capable of producing a potential vaccine against hepatitis B virus. This is a biological fact that has been founded on the rising track record of the expression platforms in the production of pharmaceuticals. Some of the commercially available, yeast-derived, recombinant pharmaceuticals are inclusive of insulin, the anti-coagulant hirudin, interferon-alpha-2a, and a variety of vaccines used against the hepatitis B virus and papillomavirus infections. The yeast vaccines are particularly produced in either baker's yeast, known as Saccharomyces cerevisiae,, the methylotrophic species Hansenula polymorpha and Pichia pastoris. For the case of this manuscript however, methylotrophs is considered in the production process for hepatitis B vaccines. The reason attached is that Methylotrophs yeast species produce a comparatively high balanced production of both the membrane and the protein component of a recombinant viral particle (Gleeson Ortori, 45-76). Among the most significant recombinant pharmaceuticals available were the yeast-derived vaccines that could be used against hepatitis B infections. The vaccines for Hepatitis B were derived from the particles containing hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) inserted into host-derived membranes. The development of effective, yeast-derived recombinant hepatitis B surface proteins was hence the factor behind the success of current vaccination programs against hepatitis B. In the most recent advancements, yeast-based HepB vaccines are being modified by including substitute adjuvant, in addition to RC-529, a non-toxic lipid, A mimetic35. Other developments incurred along include the coming of large surface antigen also called core protein sequences aimed at reducing the number of non-responders or developing a therapeutic vaccine. Several combination vaccines are also under development, including yeast-derived HepB particles Buy custom The Discovery of the Hepatitis B essay

The Fashion Industry Battles Anorexia

The Fashion Industry Battles Anorexia Free Online Research Papers â€Å"Anorexia nervosa is a medical condition in which an individual reaches fifteen percent under their expected body weight. The average model is twenty- three percent below their expected body weight† (Thompson). The fashion industry today is filled with women wearing sizes zero and two. Young girls aspire to be just like these women, a feat that is unattainable while maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Anorexia is on the rise and the fashion industry needs to step up and show girls how to be healthy and beautiful. People with anorexia have an unexplainable loss of appetite. The main cause of anorexia is a diet that spirals dangerously out of control. Anorexics usually attempt to limit their calorie intake to 200 or 400 calories per day. This is considerably low since the average person requires two-thousand calories per day to maintain a healthy lifestyle (Cotter 10). The effects of anorexia are alarming. One in ten people who suffer from anorexia die, due to starvation, cardiac arrest, or suicide (Hoffman). â€Å"Eating disorders have more than doubled since the 1960s†(Terzieff). According to a Philadelphia-based Renfrew Center Foundation survey, 47 percent of U.S. females between fifth and twelfth grade say they wish they could lose weight. Also 60 percent of the same group say that magazines influence what they think of the perfect body type (Terzieff). Everyday young girls are bombarded with new diet ads, ensuring them if they lose weight they can be happy. While they flip through their favorite magazine, size zero and size two appear on every page. Young girls believe this is normal and that everyone should be able to achieve the â€Å"media’s perfect body image.† The media is shaping the minds of young girls around the world. Tyra Banks often talks openly about the pressures to be thin that she faced while in the modeling industry. She says that â€Å"she’s happy that she doesn’t have to live up to that model standard anymore.† Natalia Vodianova (a former super model) also says that â€Å"After I started modeling I began to hate my body- no matter how thin I got.† These are perfect examples of how the fashion industry forces young girls to be to thin (â€Å"Skinny Scandal† 149). This is not healthy for the models, or for the young girls looking up to them. The fashion industry constantly refuses that they are at fault for any health related issues. Yet, Janice Dickinson (a former super model and now an agency owner) said â€Å"I’m dying to find kids who are too thin. I’ve got 42 models in my agency, and I’m trying to get them to lose weight. In fact, I wish they’d come down with some anorexia† (â€Å"Skinny Scandal† 149). The industry is constantly pressuring young girls to lose weight. Usually a healthy diet just does not show the results the models need so they resort to not eating at all. The fashion industry also claims that there is no evidence that correlates them with anorexia, yet many young models have died of anorexia related problems. Ana Carolina Reston is a young model that passed from this terrible eating disorder. The size six model started modeling in Sao Paulo, Brazil where she was told she was too fat. She was determined to make it, so she secretly stopped eating. On November 14th of last year, she finally got her big break. She was on the cover of magazines all across Brazil and the world. â€Å"Soon she made headlines across the globe, not for her modeling but for dying of anorexic related problems.† Reston went from a size six to a size two and the change was blatantly obvious. She began to feel pain in her kidneys around October. Later the doctors found out she was living off tomatoes and fruit juice. She was admitted to the hospital on October 25. She spent her last 21 days in an intensive care unit. Her death certificate reads cause of dea th as â€Å"multiple organ failure, septicemia, and urinary infection† (â€Å"Everyone Knew she was Ill†). Reston was not the only model to die from an eating disorder. Weeks before her death Luisel Ramos â€Å"suffered a heart attack thought to be the result of anorexia.† The model was a size 00, or the typical waist size of a seven-year old (â€Å"Everyone Knew she was Ill†). Also in the same year, three South African models died due to anorexia-related problems (â€Å"Skinny Scandal†). Not only models are dieing from anorexia, employees at the Cygnet Hospital Eating Disorder Unit see deaths and hardships everyday. These people strongly believe that the fashion industry is a huge component in the continuing increases in cases of anorexia. One patient said â€Å"You look at them and think, God, I wish I looked like that.† An employee commented â€Å"Seeing waif-like models didn’t cause their disorders, but they certainly exacerbated the process.† Also, Bryan Lask, one of Britain’s leading authorities on eating disorders was quoted â€Å"The massive increase in eating disorders in the last twenty years has to be attributed to the pressure to be thin† (Henry). The fashion industry should follow several examples that some institutes have made. On September 13, 2006, Madrid Fashion Week set a ban on underweight models. This was the first time a large-scale fashion show set a weight limit in a healthy direction. In order for models to be in the 2006 Madrid Fashion Show, they needed to be in alliance with the â€Å"World Health Organization guidelines for healthy height-to weight rations used to calculate a person’s body mass index, which estimates the portion of fat in the body† (Terzieff). Organizers of the Madrid fashion week wanted to â€Å"project an image of beauty and heath, rather than a heroin chic look.† The Madrid’s regional government placed the rule that stated no models under a BMI (body mass index) of eighteen would be allowed to participate in the Madrid Fashion Show (â€Å"Skinny Models Banned†). The decision by the Madrid government turned controversial quickly. Thirty percent of the models who formerly participated in the show were disqualified under the new rule. The fashion industry immediately split into two groups, those for the new rule and those against. Cathy Gould, New York Agency Director, stated â€Å"The ban was outrageous and discriminatory to naturally slim models.† Even though the ban didn’t change everyone in the fashion industry mind on what is healthy, Milan, Edinburgh, and India, hosts of premiere fashion shows jumped on the band wagon. They placed the 18 BMI rule in their shows immediately after the Madrid incident (Terzieff). Madrid Fashion Week made a positive impact on the fashion industry and encouraged good health around the world. The fashion industry should follow the examples of the shows that require a healthy living rule. The industry is setting an unattainable ideal for young girls around the globe, causing them to fall into a trap of low self esteem and self doubt. Lynn Grefe, the executive officer of the Seattle-based Nation Eating Disorders Association, says it best â€Å"The worst part is that the images being portrayed in popular culture are completely unrealistic, airbrushed, manipulated†¦.while putting a lot of pressure on young people to look a certain way† (Terzieff). Research Papers on The Fashion Industry Battles AnorexiaArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Fifth HorsemanPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementTrailblazing by Eric AndersonMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesHip-Hop is Art

COMPARE AND CONTRAST Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

COMPARE AND CONTRAST - Essay Example He would create artwork out of imaginary or out of love of a certain scenario. In outdoor paintings, he captured nighttime light and shadow nuances uniquely and was highly renowned for his sunflower and irises paintings. Van was tormented buy mental illnesses and therefore most of artwork was done in while he was institutionalized. He was not lucky to sell his paintings and drawings but he managed to sell only one painting. Though he did not gain economic benefits out of his masterpieces, he is rated as one of the most influential artists of the nineteenth century. One such work is the drawing below namely the bedroom: He developed the masterpiece in 1888 while he was living in his house situated in Arles. His bedroom in Arles had a powerful combination of colors that he was proud of. According to the description found in a letter to his brother, the walls are pale violet, floor is made of red tiles, the color of the bed and chairs is yellow of fresh butter, the sheets and pillows are light greenish citron, the window’s color is green, the toilet table is orange, the basin is red in color while the doors are lilac. The coverlet is scarlet. The description of colors of the various entities in the room is a good indication of how the artist paid special attention to combination and use of colors in his masterpieces. The details of the artwork are well displayed starting from the wall hangings, arrangement of the room, texture of the furniture and color combination. Through use of color combination, he is able to highlight the various entities of an object in making his communication to the audience. He uses colors that match the natural look of the item involved therefore making it looks real for the audience. This has resulted to high quality artwork that is highly appreciated by the audience. The artist uses shapes and lines to bring out a more real artistic work. For instance in drawing the chair, he uses

ANALYZING SPSS(PASW) SOFTWARE PART 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ANALYZING SPSS(PASW) SOFTWARE PART 2 - Essay Example Lack of defined disposal mechanisms has led to environmental pollution that is the cause of today’s environmental degradation. The amount of money required to clean up the environments is such a burden since the number of players in the market have reduced market share of even the world largest information and Communication Company. To be able to maintain business value, the future for the players in the market remains in working on establishing sustainability through collaboration. Sustainable business value is thus achievable through established global environments that enhance economic development that are necessary for a global sustainable future. This thesis seeks to answer the following question: How can businesses leaders in the telecommunications industry shape the future of the telecommunications industry to arrive at a sustainable business value? Telecommunication industry has been one of the fastest growing industries in the globe (Goggin, 2014). The number of users has been on the rise by each passing day. In high population countries like India, 10 million people subscribe to telecommunication services each month (Prasad, Dixit, & Nee, 2010). Telecommunication has thus become an influential piece of technology that many people can no longer do without. Technology, has managed to bring people together to either work together or just use the services offered. However, with step in growth of the industry, the ecosystem gets the greatest effect. The methods of disposal of these gadgets have not been established for a long time. The e-waste that ends up in the landfills have proved to be more hazardous than any other waste ever know. Thus the needs for activities that focus on global network of companies have grown from a luxury to a necessity for survival of a player in the telecommunication industry as well as environmental conservation. Many key players have thus

Outline the Roman Empires attitude to Christianity Essay Example for Free

Outline the Roman Empires attitude to Christianity Essay Q: Outline the Roman Empires attitude to Christianity until the end of the first century. The Christian church from its outset has faced many challenges as a result of external influences; one of the most important of these influences was the persecution of the Christian people by the Roman Empire. From the year 64AD onwards the church was persecuted by the Roman authorities in an intermittent and sporadic manner, not on account of their beliefs, but was a result of chance and circumstance. Christianity was born out of Judaism and appeared as an entity after the death of Christ. Of course Jews of the time felt threatened by the emergence of Christianity as a faith, and so the earliest persecutions of Christians occurred at the hands of Jewish Sadducees, who branded Christians blasphemous. Indeed it is clear that the Jews played a part in persecution of Christians as late on as AD156 in the persecution of Polycarp. The persecution of Christians in the first century by Jews however were minimal in comparison to the much more widespread and systematic persecutions by the Roman authorities from the year AD64 onwards. Before this date Christians were accepted as a national sect of Judaism, and therefore they enjoyed the status of religio licita- a lawful or tolerated faith. The Roman Empire even protected many Christians against Jewish attack in the early years. This all changed however in the year 64AD, during the reign of the emperor Nero. See more: 5 paragraph essay format 64AD was by general concurrence of early Christians, the beginning of imperial repression of Christianity. This fact was supported by early Christian writers such as Tertullian, Eusebius and Sulpicus Severus. This date coincides with the fire of Rome, a devastating blaze which destroyed almost half of the city. The pagan writer Tacitus reports to us in 115 of the fact that Despite Neros efforts the accusation that the fire was ordered could not be quashed. The mounting suspicion had a disastrous effect on Neros popularity (which had been very high before then), so Nero set about searching for a scapegoat. Christians were perfect candidates for a number of reasons; they were a relatively new group that were small in number and there was already an air of suspicion surrounding allegations of anti social behaviour. However the actual circumstances may have been more complex than will never be understood by ourselves, as banks points out: The reasons behind the persecution of Christians included religious, political and social factors which were so inter-related and inter-dependant that it would be historically misleading to separate them out as isolated issues. There are however some other opposing views on the exact circumstances of the fire of Rome. Critics such as Frend have argued that it is possible that Nero originally put blame on the Jewish community, who in turn blamed Christianity. Yet other critics have also suggested that the fire may well have been started by Christian extremists, anxious to fulfil apocalyptic prophecies. The first persecuted Christians were charged with arson and as Tacitus tells us, immense in number, this charge apparently changed to a charge of hatred for the human race. This in itself indicates the immense suspicion of the Roman population towards Christianity and the ability of Roman authorities to exploit this. Wand indicates to us the state of Roman perceptions of Christianity after Neros reign: By the end of the reign of Nero the state had settled down to an attitude of suspicion towards the church. The persecutions themselves were reported to be gruesome and perverse in nature by Tacitus among others. They were deliberately devised to create amusement for the public as well as humiliate the incumbent. Accounts included victims being covered with the hides of dogs and beasts and set upon by dogs, being crucified and being used as streetlights to illuminate the darkness. Even Tacitus the most ardent of anti Christian writers, could not help but feel pity for them. There is much dispute over the impact that Neros persecution had on the Christian church. Some feel that it represents the beginning of Christianitys status as an illegal religion, and that it set the precedent for a further 2 centuries of imperial persecution. What is certain is that the church lost many of its influential early leaders during Neros reign, including St Peter and St Paul as reported by Eusebius. Some commentators believe that without the writings of early evangelists, the Christian faith may have disappeared altogether. After Neros removal from office there was a period of considerable civil unrest within the Roman Empire, and therefore Christians were not seen as an important priority. It was not until the reign of Domitian that persecution of Christians began in earnest. This time though the persecutions were different in nature in that he did not search out the Christian community as a group but sought out individuals by stealth. Domitian is described by Bernard as: A jealous man who went in fear of his life. He kept power (like Stalin in Russia) by a series of sudden blows against those who he felt were plotting against him. There is evidence to suggest during the end of his reign Domitian began to fervently persecute the Christian community as a whole. Showing the mans deep paranoia and distorted frame of mind. The ancient writer Suetonius writes of the Gladiator Glabrio who was executed by Domitian on Christian charges, although the real reason was the Emperors apparent jealousy of his abilities, underlining the unstable nature of Domitians personality. It is widely regarded by many critics such as Banks that a possible source of conflict between Domitian and the Christian church was his enthusiasm for the imperial cult, and therefore he persecuted them because of their refusal to accord him divine honours. However it still remains in dispute whether Domitian persecuted Christians at all. The early church writer Dio Cassius, wrote from Bythinia, a strong Christian province and yet he never mentions any of Domitians victims as Christians. Furthermore, Pliny, a lawyer working in Rome at the time of Domitians reign tells Trajan many years later that he had never been involved in a Christian trial. This indicates at least that Domitians persecution was not exactly widespread or for reaching, if it existed at all. There is little doubt of the immense impact the early persecutions had on the growth of the Christian church. While some argue that it has helped the church in its growth, others claim that it has actually hindered the churches growth. Tertullian observes the blood of the martyrs is the seed of the church. I believe that because of the limited nature of early persecutions they did not seriously slow down the expansion of Christianity. What is certain though is that the persecutions at the hands of Nero and Domitian set a precedent for future Christian persecution.

Aging:The Original Human Condition Essay -- Geriatrics Health Papers

Aging:The Original Human Condition Aging is a phenomena we are all familiar with, a trait characteristic of all humankind, in fact, of all living organisms. What are the effects of aging, especially those which go beyond the biological aspects and effect the social aspects of changing roles, seniority, and treatment of the aged? What was the original human condition before high-tech medical interventions redefined death and dying, before the industrial age changed the nature of the nuclear and extended family? Going back still farther, what can the behavior of chimpanzees tell us about the origins of our responses to the aging of those around us? Having worked in the field of geriatrics, in a nursing home setting, I have had the opportunity to be involved in the direct care of the elderly. Over a period of time, I have come to accept living one's last years in a nursing home as an eventual "normal" response to the aging process. As a result of this study, I anticipate having an enlarged perspective and an enhanced sensitivity to the psychosocial aspects of aging. Aging Defined The Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology (1996) was a helpful source to gain a definition on aging which includes the concepts of life course, seniority, and treatment of the aged. Aging can be measured by common biological content: proportion of the maximum fife span one has lived, performance on a series of physiological tests which index biological age, and patterns of the age­specific risk of mortality. Despite this universal biological content, it is notable that aging takes on a variety of forms, many which show regular associations with aspects of culture. Rather than focusing on age, it may be more appropriate to review the life cy... ...k, NY: Harper Collins College Publishers Collier's Encyclopedia. 1983. New York, NY: Macmillan Educational Company Goodall, Jane. 1990. Through a Window: My 30 Years with Chimpanzees of Gombe. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company Handbook of North American Indians. 1984. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Semour­Smith, Charlotte. 1986. Dictionary of Anthropology. Boston, MA: G.K. Hall and Company Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology. 1996. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company Marshall, Loma. 1976. The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press Dentan, Robert Knox. 1968. The Semai: A Nonviolent People of Malaya. Orlando, FL: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Maxwell, Robert J. and Phillip Silverman. 1989. "Geronticide". In The Content of Culture: Studies in Honor of John M. Roberts. New Haven, CN.: HRAF Press

Forbidden Love Essay

â€Å"There is a charm about the forbidden that makes it unspeakably desirable† quote by Mark Twain. Michael Ondaatje feels similarly in his poem â€Å"The Cinnamon Peeler† because he longs to be with his beloved but this is not possible. We infer that Ondaatje is in a lower caste than his love because he hypothetically states â€Å"If I were a cinnamon peeler†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1). The idea of them being together is what sets off this love poem. He goes on a type of role-playing game in which he and his wife are such passionate lovers that their desire leaves a scent that others can notice. In this dramatic monologue, Ondaatje explores the theme of bold love with his wife. He wishes to be free with his lover, having his ideal marriage. It was not possible for them to be together before marriage because everyone would smell the cinnamon scent off of her, â€Å"You will be known among strangers as the cinnamon peeler’s wife† (17-18). The speaker gets carried away and seduced by the idea of forbidden love. The author reveals the true situation when explaining that he could never look at her before marriage because of her brother’s and mother. The speaker longs for his beloved but knows they can never be together. Individuality and male dominance are also prominent themes in this poem. Individuality is expressed through the speaker’s description of their relationship. Their need to sneak around with each other causes them to go against their familial and cultural values which grant them independence. There is clear evidence of a male dominated society. The cinnamon peelers wife, lime burner daughter, and grass cutter wife are great examples of where a woman is defined by either her father or husband. Every woman in this poem has been directly referred to through the men in their lives. The male dominant theme is seen in every aspect of the poem, from the leaving of bark dust on pillows to â€Å"my fingers floating over you† (7-8). The female character questions his commitment to her; since they cannot be together all the time she wonders if he is faithful to her. Then she realizes â€Å"what good is it to be the lime burner’s daughter left with no trace as if not spoken to in the act of love† (37-40). She knows that this erotic love is something that only they share. When one first reads Ondaatje’s â€Å"The Cinnamon Peeler,† it is clear that the poem is about sex, specifically, the speaker’s sexual desire for his wife. The speaker and his wife are therefore marked physically by the scent of his occupation. This cinnamon scent takes on very sexual overtones as the poem progresses and shape the way the poem is interpreted. Smell is the sense most closely tied to memory – and Ondaatje is is using it to evoke both an imagined future. Cinnamon is a very strong scent, while grass and lime are less erotic. He uses olfactory imagery to manifest the theme of possessiveness, â€Å"You will be known among strangers as the cinnamon peeler’s wife† (17). Symbolism is also apparent. Cinnamon is very luxurious, connotes passion, and is very economically beneficial in Ondaatje’s home town of Sri Lanka. The cinnamon peeler in some cases throughout the poem uses the cinnamon smell as a metaphor for his sexual desire. Ondaatje uses the mark of the cinnamon peelers profession to create intense imagery. The strong use of the cinnamon smell to display the women’s sexuality allows Ondaatje to provoke intense images of lust and sexuality. The poem allows the reader to imagine all the ideas because Ondaatje describes the concepts well, through metaphor. The stories and situations are very simple, easy to quickly imagine and the emotion are very basic. The imagery is enforced by the way the poem applies to the senses. The poem talks about touch and smell which aids the imagination visualize the poem. The cinnamon peeler displays his ownership of his wife in the poem on many occasions, especially in the second stanza of the poem, â€Å"[y]our breasts and shoulders would reek† (5). He declares that wherever she went, everyone would know that she was his. Even â€Å"[t]he blind would stumble certain of whom they approached† (8-9). This imagery allows the reader to picture the speaker’s wife walking through the streets as she left a trail of the cinnamon scent. This poem serves as a dramatic monologue because it has a silent audience, there is no dialogue, and can be described as a character study. Because â€Å"The Cinnamon Peeler† is one person’s speech, and provides no analysis, it places emphasis on the speaker’s thoughts and emotions and allows the audience to create their own interpretation. â€Å"The Cinnamon Peeler† is very sensual, focused on emotional and both physical and psychological experiences of the speaker. Such poems reveal not the poet’s own thoughts but the mind of the character, whose personality is revealed quite quickly; thus distinguishing it as a dramatic monologue. The entire poem is simply the speaker’s perspective, not once do we enter the thoughts of the female character, and that is also an element for this type of poetic genre. Ondaatje wisely chose this form, allowing the audience to go deeply into the speaker’s thoughts and visions and feelings. One is left to wonder how his beloved feels. We only get a short part of her side in the last few lines â€Å"I am the cinnamon peeler’s wife. Smell me† (45-46). The cinnamon smell, and its constant use, can be interpreted more closely to his passion for her, his lust for her. At the end of the poem, she touches him finally and embraces the scent. This only strengthens their connection. Situations similar to the speakers are ongoing today. The caste system is still relevant in many cultures, where one is unable to marry, or even associate with someone in a lower division. Rarely is this tradition broken, this is because those of different birth circumstances are inherently unequal and are avoided.

Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities Essay

In this paper I will discuss Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities; to include my own personal thoughts and values concerning abortion and extramarital affairs and how I would personally provide ethical counseling to a client’s struggling with abortion and or extramarital affair issues. Next I will discuss client’s right to autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice and fidelity in ethical counseling. Then I will cover the factors that must be considered in â€Å"duty to warn† and also â€Å"duty to protect† obligations as a counselor. Finally, I will discuss client record keeping; a client’s right to a professional standard of care, and counselor liability. Counselor Values: Abortion From my own personal experience and beliefs, abortion is wrong with few exceptions. My personal belief is that if a female is raped or there is danger to the mother abortion is acceptable to me. What I mean by acceptable is that it creates dissonance with my current operating beliefs of abortion being wrong to take the life of an unborn fetus. I have a 16 year old daughter whom was gang raped which resulted in a pregnancy not at the will or choice of my daughter. My belief says no abortion, but my rational side asks many questions like; is the mother ready to care for a child? Can she physically and monetarily care for a child? How will this affect her life in the long run? What about school? Are the any issues that might arise if the mother carries to full term? Am I ready in every fashion to become a grandparent? To me each answer was no and my daughter continued and had the abortion. Extramarital affairs In an article by Wagaman (2013), he point s out that Americans today are more tolerant to premature sex, divorce and gay relationships which was once considered taboo. He continues by saying â€Å"but there’s one exception: We condemn adultery like it is 1642.† (WAGAMAN, 2013) I follow suite and believe if you marry another person that is the one person you have devoted yourself to and should at any cost stick by their side no matter what and an extramarital affair is a deal breaker. I ask myself why I should punish my partner by going outside of the marriage seeking the puzzle piece that is missing, when my wife has already given me the key to her heart. In society today people have more control and freedom to explore premature sex and entering and leaving a relationship or marriage. But, with all this freedom and control there comes accountability and lying is the one vice most consider wrong. (WAGAMAN, 2013) Describe how you would counsel the client in each situation. In counseling a client in both cases of abortion and extramarital affairs I quote the ACA (2014) section A; A.1.a, Primary Responsibility, â€Å"The primary responsibility of counselors is to respect the dignity and promote the welfare of clients.† It is not uncommon for the counselor and client to have different values and beliefs at all. (2014 ACA Code of Ethics, 2014) First off, I will have to step back and look at my own personal area or areas of expertise. According to the NBCC Code of Ethics (2012), â€Å"NCCs (Nationally Certified Counselor’s) shall perform only those professional services for which they are qualified by education and supervised experience (NATIONAL BOARD FOR CERTIFIED COUNSELORS (NBCC), 2012) .† Addiction specialist shall seek out new/effective approaches which enhance their professional abilities such as; continuing education research and activities with professional in different disciplines. (The Association for Addiction Professionals, 2013) Some client’s many have already dealt with an abortion or affair and may be seemingly ok, but not in-line with my values. As the primary counselor in these cases it is my responsibility to avoid causing harm or imposing my values on to my client. As a counselor I must act accordingly to avoid harming my client or abate or remedy unavoidable or unforeseen harm. Counselors must be aware of their own values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors and avoid imposing them on their client. For example, if I’m opposed to both abortion and affairs these are  my own personal beliefs and not those of the client. My client may have had an affair and became pregnant by someone other than their partner and had an abortion to hide it from their significant other. So if I were to voice my values to my client this could cause harm to the counselor-client relationship where the client shuts down and it causes irreversible damage due to me imposing my own values on my client. According to the NBCC (2012), from the point of view of an addiction counselor, the professional counselor refrains from using methods which seems coercive like threats, negative labeling or any means which causes shame or humiliation. In the case of abortion or having an affair, either could provoke shame and humiliation in the client based on counselor vs client values. Clients Rights: Autonomy Incorporating autonomy in its simplest form is supporting the clients’ right to make their own decisions and addresses the concept of independence. In order to support a clients’ autonomy, this means not imposing goals, agendas or values on a client. As a counselor I must understand, embrace and work with the client’s experiences; culturally, socioeconomically, this is supported in counseling through person centered style of counseling and communication. (Ryan, 2011) Nonmaleficence Incorporating nonmaleficence is supported by the number one rule in counseling, the concept of causing no harm to others our clients. This practice is tied with a clients’ autonomy and their right to independence and making their own choices. Implementing this means living by the laws of your state and follow the ACA, NAADAC or NBCC codes of ethics. (Davis, 1996) Beneficence Beneficence is simply doing what is good for the client, this is the counselors’ responsibility to be proactive and contribute to the overall health and welfare of their client’s. This means doing treatment planning with the client and listening to the clients’ input in the planning process. (Ryan, 2011) Justice According to Kitchner (1984), Justice is not doing what is right for the  client, but treating equals equally and unequals unequally. This means identify such things as ethnic background, socioenomic background, race and numerous others. (Kitchner, 1984) Fidelity Incorporating fidelity is me being loyal to my client, because clients’ must must have faith and trust in their counselor in the therapeutic relationship in order for growth to occur. This means being faithful and meeting obligations and commitments and not leaving with of these unfulfilled. (Ryan, 2011) Discuss the informed consent process and how it protects client rights including: Informed consent is an on-going process throughout the counseling process; it lets the client know that first they have the freedom to engage in or decline entrance into a therapeutic relationship and gives them sufficient information concerning the theraputic process and the therapist. Informed consent is an obligation placed on the counselor, which is reviewed both written and orally explaining the rights and responsibilities of the counselor as well as the client. Therapists explain to their clients the nature of all services, goals, purposes, techniques, limits, procedures, benefits and potential risk of services; counselor credentials and qualifications, relevant experience and counseling approach. Counselor explain fee and billing arrangements including non-payment of fees. Clients also receive rights and limits of confidentiality, information concerning records, refusal of services and consequences of refusal. (Gerald Corey, 2104) Billing When creating costs for counseling services, the counselor should take consideration the client’s locality and financial status so that the normal fees do not create an undue hardship on the client. Counselor may assist clients in finding comparable and affordable services or adjust fees when legally permissible. Right to Privacy As a counselor, each and every client has a right to privacy whether a prospective or existing client. Therapists only request confidential information from clients when it is determined advantageous to the therapeutic process. Counselor protect the privacy of clients and only disclose information with consent to release information or with sound  legal/ethical confirmation. At the initiation and throughout the therapeutic process counselors inform clients of confidentiality limitations and identify situations situation in which confidentiality must be broken; such as when disclosure is required to protect clients or keep others from serious foreseeable harm or when legal requirements require release. HIPPA compliance and Compliance with credentialing board requirements for incorporating informed consent into practice As a professional counselor we are bound by HIPPA to provide documentation to potential clients how the practice and you will handle the release of confidential information. This document describes how mental/medical information about you may be disclosed and used and how the client may get access to this information. This document must have a compliance date on it and includes information pertaining to; treatment, health care operations, payment and other disclosures and uses without the clients consent. (Association, Meeting HIPAA Requirements, Notice of Privacy Practices and Client Rights Document, 2014) Responsibility to Warn and Protect Duty to warm and protect refers to the responsibility of the therapist or counselor to breach confidentiality if a client or other identifiable person or persons are in clear imminent danger. When duty to warn and protect come into play there must be clear evidence of imminent danger to the client or other persons, then the therapist/counselor must determine the seriousness of the threat and then must notify the person in danger and other persons in a position to protect that person from harm. The best possible example is the Tarasoff Act, which imposed inherent duty on therapist/counselors to warn potential victims of intended harm by a client, stating confidentiality ends where danger begins. The implications of the Tarasoff Act indicate that only notifying the police is not sufficient action to protect the therapist/counselor from a lawsuit if the client threatens to carry the threat out. (University, 2014) Client Record-Keeping/the counselor from liability A client’s right to a professional standard of care Documentation in a client’s record serves many purposes including; clinical/ administrative accountability, and documentation of the counselor’s  protection of the clients’ rights. This documentation also provides protection for counselors in helping them refute any and all allegations of incompetence or misconduct by the counselor. A counselors’ responsibility to protect the clients rights is normally documented in a series of forms signed by the client to include; informed/parental consent, fee agreements, treatment forms, treatment plans, signed client rights statement and treatment team staffing notes, and release of information protecting the client’s privacy with specific parameters. Finally, documentation in a client’s record can be used to protect and defend the therapist/counselor from unwarranted allegations of misconduct. A client record containing a thorough assessment, treatment plan, progress notes consistent with the plan, supervisory notes, billing for services rendered, and documented clients rights represent sound evidence of the counselor’s efforts to practice within their professional scope and standard of care. (University, 2014) In conclusion, the ethical responsibilities of a counselor are both broad and complex. This paper describes and discusses many of the aspect that are at the forefront of client/counselor relationship and protection of rights for both counselor and client. The knowledge required to become an ethical counselor comes with time and practice along with consulting colleges and primary supervision. Bibliography Association, A. C. (2014). 2014 ACA Code of Ethics. Alexandria: AMERICAN COUNSELING ASSOCIATION. Association, A. C. (2014). Meeting HIPAA Requirements, Notice of Privacy Practices and Client Rights Document. Alexandria: â€Å"Author†. COUNSELORS, N. B. (2012, June 8). NATIONAL BOARD FOR CERTIFIED COUNSELORS (NBCC). Retrieved from nbcc.org: http://www.nbcc.org/Assets/Ethics/NBCCCodeofEthics.pdf Davis, H. F.-M. (1996). Moral Principles. A Practitioner’s Guide to Ethical Decision Making, 2. Gerald Corey, C. C. (2104). Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions (9 ed.). (K. Mikel, Ed.) Stamford, CT, USA: Cengage Learning. Retrieved November 18, 2014 Kitchner, K. S. (1984). Intuition, critical evaluation and ethical principles: The foundation for ethical decisions in counseling psychology. Counseling Psychologist, 12(3), 43-55. Retrieved November 19, 2014, from http://www.counseling.org/docs/ethics/practitioners_guide.pdf?sfvrsn=2 NAADAC. (2013). The Association for Addiction Professionals. Retrieved from NAADAC.org: http://www.naadac.org/code-of-ethics#i Ryan, R. M. (2011). Motivation and Autonomy in Counseling. The Counseling Psychologist, 193-260. University, G. C. (2014, November 18). Lecture 4. Retrieved from gcu.edu: https://lc-grad2.gcu.edu/learningPlatform/user/users.html?operation=loggedIn#/learningPlatform/loudBooks/loudbooks.html?viewPage=current&operation=innerPage ¤tTopicname=Client Rights, Counselor Responsibilities, and Confidentiality&topicMaterialId=71 WAGAMAN, A. (2013, July 25). Americans grow increasingly intolerant of extramarital affairs. Star Tribune. Retrieved from startribune.com: http://www.startribune.com/lifestyle/relationship/216813271.html

Mrs Dalloway Essay Example

Mrs Dalloway Essay Example Mrs Dalloway Paper Mrs Dalloway Paper Essay Topic: A Long Way Gone Literature Mrs Dalloway This essay will be investigating to what extent Woolf used her novel Mrs Dalloway to criticise the social system. To do this I will be taking into account the year the novel was written, and examining the social situations which the reader could have perceived to be critical. Also, it will be important to acknowledge that some of the socially critical situations Woolf uses had not been encountered before, and to reason that perhaps Woolf wrote Mrs Dalloway to try and draw public attentions to the reaction to events that the general public, politicians and all the social classes had no idea how to deal with. At the same time the essay will use these points to connect the novel and Woolf to its modernist roots. Woolf began writing what would become Mrs Dalloway in the summer of 1922 shortly after World War 1 had ended. Public suffering from the war was still inflicting its massive after effects, and Woolf wanted to write an expression of what she felt was happening. On my initial forays into researching Virginia Woolf my opinion was very closed, I felt she was very insular. Commenting on the outside world from the safety of her own well educated and wealthy life. But now I feel I passed judgment too quickly. Woolf came from a challenging background, loosing her mother at a young age and coping with depression at different stages of her life. She was an imperative aspect of a groundbreaking generation of people who were trying to shake off their Victorian roots and reach for something new, something different. Which is what we now know as the modernist era, where all absolute truths were questioned and life was about asking the where, why and who, of what they were. Septum also calls to Evans For Gods sake dont come! He calls this to Peter Walsh, mistaking him for Evans during a flashback he experiences, Lucre allies he Is having a flashback but despairs at It, because It Is yet another example of him not being the man she married. 4 Although Reseal explains Tanat seen NAS removed near waling-ruling Decease It Is now too big for her, how does Septum interpret this action? By removing her wedding ring Septum sees it as a sign that their marriage is over, Their marriage was over, he thought, with agony, with relief. He sees things very black and white, and therefore links his wifes taking off her wedding ring, to it being a sign she doesnt love him anymore and that the marriage is over. When ironically, he has removed her wedding ring because she loves him so much, if she didnt love him completely, she wouldnt have lost so much weight due to the stress of losing her husband mentally, and therefore the ring would still fit and she would be able to keep it on. However, due to Septum condition he is only able to see things in black and white, for instance he sees Evans thus Evans is able to be seen by everybody. Lucres takes of her wedding ring thus the marriage is over. He is unable to see the background of each situation and is therefore also unable to see that he really is very . Septum sees himself as the lord of men singled out to hear the truth, to learn the meaning. He believes he has been given the supreme secret and knows profound truths. Explain the role he thinks he has been given. Septum sees himself as able to see things more clearly than anybody else. He can see Evans. He believes that people are against him, especially doctors, who want him to lose his family, like he lost his friend. Ironically, he is the character who is able to see things the least clearly; he is deluded and cannot therefore learn the meaning f any situation because we have already seen him misinterpret the removal of his wifes wedding ring therefore showing that he doesnt hear the truth. . His body was macerated until only the nerve fibers were left. It was spread like a veil upon a rock. Comment on the use of figurative language here. How effective is this as an image of suffering? The language used here is extremely emotive. The imagery causes us to see the very nature of Septum condition, he can only feel hence nerve fibers he feels despair, sadness, and chock at what he has flashbacks to, and the choice of words are very art rock but th en contrast with soft imagery veil. The contrast shows suffering to an even more intense extent because it also creates confusion with the mixture of textures, and makes his condition seem even worse because it worsens in incoherent intervals. 7. Septum thoughts oscillate between comforting visions of beauty and Heaven as divinely merciful, infinitely benignant and hellish visions of flames and death. How do you react to this unhappy couple? Do you Just see him as mad? / DO you feel sorry for him? / Do you feel any sympathy for his wife? Ca ten warren-smelt s an unhappy couple Is Jumping to conclusions, In ten way that they used to be happy They went to Hampton Court on top of a bus They had happy times, but then as she progresses through her thoughts we as readers become more sympathetic towards Lucres Suddenly he said, Now we will kill ourselves She was enjoying her day, and then to hear her husband who she loves say that must be a feeling non comprehensible to anybody that hasnt experienced it, but we still feel so rry for her, because she has to witness it. TO some extent we feel more sorry for her than we do Septum, because although hes the one suffering erectly, he is deluded and doesnt see it as a mental problem, to him it is one hundred percent real, his wife on the other hand has to witness her husband digress in to madness every day. 8. When Peter Walsh walks past the Warren Smiths, he concludes that they are lovers squabbling under a tree. As readers, who have Just shared their internal worlds, we know very differently. So, what is Wolf highlighting about perspective here? Everybody perspective is different. To Septum he is back in the war reliving it in everyday situations. To Lucrative, she is losing her husband and doesnt know what else she can do to help him. Whereas Peter Walsh who knows nothing of the Warren Smiths concludes that they are squabbling, But I am so unhappy Septum we know just how devastated Lucrative is by this situation but to anybody else it could Just be a mere row between a young couples. Wolfs point about perspective here, shows how important the internal monologues she includes throughout her novel are because without them, we have no idea the true meaning behind what we see, Just as Peter Walsh misinterprets a couple in desperation with a couple having a petty argument.

ESL Nonreversible Word Pairs or Examples

ESL Nonreversible Word Pairs or Examples Certain words go together like bread and water. Bread and water is an example of a word pair that is always used in that order. In other words, we dont say water and bread. This type of word pair is called nonreversible. In many ways, they are like collocations - words that usually go together. Students can use this list with examples to learn the most common nonreversible word pairs. Teachers can use this resource in class to help students learn these set phrases. Once you are comfortable with these phrases, continue learning set phrases and collocations. Teachers can explore using set phrases in teaching techniques with the lexical approach. Adam and Eve Walking through this beautiful park makes it seem like we are Adam and Eve.Adam and Eve enjoyed a guilt free life before the big mistake that started it all. Bacon and Eggs I love having bacon and eggs for breakfast.Would you like bacon and eggs this morning? Back and Forth We went back and forth on whether to buy the house or not.The messages went back and forth until a decision was made. Bread and Water Its very hard, but not impossible, to live on bread and water.Many movies show prisoners who only receive bread and water. Bride and Groom The bride and groom are very happy today!Look at the lovely bride and handsome groom. Business and Pleasure Many people say that its not a good idea to mix business and pleasure.Have you ever gone a holiday that mixed business and pleasure? Cause and Effect Cause and effect are not always clear.There are certain linking words which show cause and effect. Cream and Sugar I take cream and sugar in my coffee.Would you like cream and sugar in your tea? Crime and Punishment We have been discussing crime and punishment in English class this month.Crime and Punishment is a famous novel by Dostoyevsky. Cup and Saucer Could you pass me the cup and saucer?Lets have some tea. Could you set the table with cups and saucers? Dead or Alive The criminal is wanted dead or alive.The days of the wild west were famous for notices looking for criminals dead or alive. Dish and Chips I had some fish and chips for dinner yesterday.One of the most famous dishes in England is fish and chips. Fun and Games Life is not all fun and games.Did you think school would be all fun and games? Hammer and Nail Use a hammer and nail to put those two boards together.Grab a hammer and nails and help me with this project. Husband and Wife The husband and wife appeared to be on vacation.Did you see the husband and wife staying in room 203? In and Out I have to go to work. Ill be in and out in a flash.Lets go in and out of the store. Knife and Fork Could you put the knives and forks on the table?I need another knife and fork. Ladies and Gentlemen Ladies and gentlemen, its my pleasure to welcome you tonight.Ladies and gentlemen, Id like to introduce you to Bill Hampton. Law and Order Most people desire law and order in their community.Law and order is one of the prime responsibilities of government. Life or Death Many people seem to go about work as if it were a matter of life or death.I feel like this is a life or death situation. Lock and Key Some parents try to keep their teenagers under lock and key.Our jewelry is kept under lock and key. Lost and Found Look for your coat in the lost and found.Where is the lost and found department? Name and Address Please provide your name and address on this form.Could I have your name and address, please? Pen and Pencil Bring pen and pencil to class on Monday.I always make sure I have pen and pencil by the telephone. Pots and Pans I spent three hours washing the pots and pans.We keep our pots and pans in that cupboard. Profit and Loss The profit and loss report will be out on Friday.Could you go over the profit and loss figures for last quarter? Rain or Shine Ill make sure to come rain or shine.Were having a picnic on Saturday - rain or shine. Read and Write Reading and writing are the two most important skills for this course.How old were you when you learned to read and write? Right and / orWrong Can you tell the difference between right and wrong?He doesnt care if it is right or wrong. Rise and Fall The rise and fall of Rome is fascinating.Some people feel that the rise and fall of this country is already behind us. Salt and Pepper Could you pass the salt and pepper?I like salt and pepper on my eggs. Shirt and Tie Be sure to wear a shirt and tie to the interview.Do I need to wear a shirt and tie? Shoes and Socks You cant get into this restaurant without shoes and socks.Put on your shoes and socks and lets go. Soap and Water Wash your hands with soap and water.Youll find soap and water in the bathroom. Sooner or Later Sooner or later well all know the truth.Ill do it sooner or later. Suit and Tie I wore a suit and tie to the party.Thats a nice suit and tie! Supply and Demand The market system runs on supply and demand.The laws of supply and demand decide a products success or failure. Sweet and Sour I love sweet and sour chicken.Would you like sweet and sour Chinese food tonight? Trial and Error Children learn through trial and error.Most business success occurs through trial and error. Up and / orDown Id like you to vote this procedure up or down?Should we go up or down the stairs? War and Peace Life can be difficult in times of war and peace.War and Peace was written by Tolstoy. Wine and Cheese Lets have some wine and cheese this afternoon.They had wine and cheese at the party.

Final paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Final paper - Assignment Example hat practice stakeholder capitalism do not necessarily promote the interest of shareholders, but rather give reconsiderations to the diverse interests expressed by all the stakeholders (BÃ ©land & Cox, 2011). Stakeholder capitalism allows businesses to focus on long-term economic decision-making. The basis of Stakeholder capitalism is contrary to shareholder capitalism, which focuses on profit maximization. Stakeholder capitalism is common in Germany and Japan because corporate governance does not rely on the rights of private property as promoted in the shareholder model of capitalism. Businesses that rely on Stakeholder capitalism are more likely to have a positive reputation because they make decisions that promote the interests of different parties. De-commodification focuses on analyzing the extent to which social welfare minimizes the market dependence of the people. Therefore, de-commodification can only become a reality when people receive services as their rights without unnecessary dependence on the market. Moreover, the people must be able to sustain a livelihood without exhibiting any measure of dependence on the markets. For this reason, social welfare should ensure that people do not necessarily need to actively participate in market relationships for them to access necessities. Notably, de-commodification promotes the provision of necessities outside the labor market mechanisms. De-commodification has outstanding benefits to workers and individuals because it can raise their collective power. The concept of de-commodification was developed recently, a factor that explains why there is a lack of definitive descriptions of the concept (Hall & Soskice, 2001). However, many people understand the concept of giving citizen s a measure of freedom to quit work without facing risks such as lack of income or loss of jobs. Moreover, the fact that people do not have to rely on labor markets to access necessities promotes their wellbeing. Disintermediation is a

Forces of magnetism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Forces of magnetism - Assignment Example Setback for magnet program occurs when hospitals lack the unison in rendering of these services to all hospitals. Programs for private and public nursing institutions do not operate at different policies. Good communication between the administration and the nurses lacks as there is no consultation in making of decisions. Endorsement of nurse empowerment goals is not successful as a result of high handedness where a nurse was fired for leading a drive for magnetic status. Changes at the hospitals leads to short-staffing and exclusion of nurses from decision making. There are complaints that the program is not monitoring compliance effectively and is used as a tool for promotion. Magnet hospitals lack improved working environment than non-magnetic hospitals (Nather, 2010). Lack of accomplishment of magnetic forces policies in hospitals or organizations will lead to enhancement of hospital policies to care for and support nurses. These policies include: zero tolerance for abuse of measures and practices, addressing nurse exhaustion adequately. Cases of assault and sexual harassment of nurses at hospitals should be pursued. Each institution should have suitable lifting equipment and no lift policies. Patient assignments in admission and discharge ought to count as 2 patients to account for the high death connected with bed turnover. Magnet hospitals ought to have needless IV systems and protected needles for safety in rendering of services (Chotaw,